Crohns Disease Essay - 1159 Words

Crohn’s Disease was named after an American gastroenterologist, Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn, in 1932. He and his colleagues discovered an abnormal pathogen, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis while studying a related disease, ulcerative colitis, which belongs to a larger group if illnesses called Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The discovery was made while studying the effects of ulcerative colitis in cattle and noticing the similar characteristics in humans. The infections had an abnormal response with the body’s immune system in both the cattle and humans. So what is Crohn’s Disease? It isn’t a physically crippling disease a person may visually see upon first glance when meeting another individual. It is a debilitating disorder that†¦show more content†¦Men and women are affected equally with the Jewish population having the highest probability of frequent cases. Historically, this disease has been predominantly of Caucasian decent but recently there has been an increase among African Americans with approximately 500,000 struck with the disease each year. Doctors often misdiagnose the disease with other illnesses such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome or ulcerative colitis. (framnews, 2011) The direct cause of this disease is unknown although several theories do exist; immune system problems, genetics or environmental factors. Most experts believe that genetics and intestinal bacteria are the developing factors of the disease. Theoretically, the adaptive immune system of an otherwise healthy individual will try to compensate for a deficient innate immune system creating white blood cells to destroy helpful microbes which inadvertently tear down the lining of the intestines causing ulcers, scar tissue and narrowing of the lumen within the intestine causing blockage. ( meded, 2010) Genetically, research has found a gene, NOD2, which produces a mutation and is linked to autoimmune diseases like Crohn’s. Complications of Crohn’s may include bowel obstructions, ulcers, fistulas, malnutrition, anal fissures, colon cancer and other health problems. The bowel may become thickened and narrowed disallowing digestive contents to exitShow MoreRelatedNo Cure for Crohns Disease1607 Words   |  6 PagesThere is no known cure for Crohns disease (CD). However, several treatment options are available to relieve the symptoms associated with the disease, ranging from dietary modification to medication and surgery (Steinhart, 2012). Diet and Nutrition: Nutrition is an important factor for patients with Crohn’s disease, and plays a big role in the management of inflammatory bowel disease and its symptoms by maintaining general health during times of disease activity and remission (Filippi et al., 2006)Read MoreCrohns Disease Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pages Crohn’s disease is a chronic condition that affects a person’s digestive system with no known cause. When Crohn’s disease strikes, it can affect any part of your digestive system ranging from your mouth, all the way to your anus. Crohn’s disease is chronic and there is no known cure for this condition. So basically, once someone is diagnosed with this condition, they might as well get used to living out the remainder of their life being affected by Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s is not, shallRead MoreInflammatory Bowel Disease/ Crohns Disease Essay1899 Words   |  8 PagesInflammatory Bowel Disease/ Crohns Disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic disorders that cause inflammation or ulceration in the small and large intestines. Most often IBD is classified as ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease but may be referred to as colitis, enteritis, ileitis, and proctitis. Ulcerative colitis causes ulceration and inflammation of the inner lining of a couple of really bad places, while Crohns disease is an inflammation that extends into the deeperRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Crohns Disease1176 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Crohns Disease An inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by intermittent and recurrent abdominal pain associated with ulceration in bowel function. Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic disorders that cause inflammation or ulceration in the small and large intestines. Most often, inflammatory bowel disease is classified as ulceration colitis or Crohn’s disease but may be referred to as colitis, enteritis, ileitis, or proctitis (Crohns disease-website). Crohn’s diseaseRead MoreThe Impacts of Crohns Disease on Daily Life722 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough people may believe that disease comes from germs and viruses around them, but with Crohn’s disease that is not the case. Crohn’s is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This disease can form, inflame, anywhere from your stomach to small intestine. Patients who struggle with Crohn’s usually would need a lifetime of care just to contain the disease; there is still not a cure, but it impacts their daily schedule. Crohn’s is a disease doctors are still to findRead MoreResearch Paper on Crohns Disease1064 Words   |  5 PagesResearch paper Crohns disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea and even malnutrition. Inflammation caused by Crohns disease can involve different areas of the digestive tract in different people. The inflammation caused by Crohns disease often spreads deep into the layers of affected bowel tissue. Like ulcerative colitis, another common IBD, Crohns disease can be both painfulRead MoreTaking a Look at Crohns Disease1552 Words   |  6 Pages Crohn’s Diseases is a idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, of the gastro intestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. Crohns has an effect on people in many different forms and fashion from physiological to psychological. Depression is a major factor that comes into play with this (IBD). Patients live on the edge from day to day when dealing with spontaneous episodes of diarrhea and chronic abdominal pains. Clients may show a lack of interest in the social aspect of life due to illness, and mayRead MoreCrohnS Disease . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . By: Elizabeth1594 Words   |  7 Pages Crohn s Disease By: Elizabeth Nazginov 8G1 Due: April 5th 2017 Crohn s disease is one of two conditions referred to by the term Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The other condition that is referred to as an IBD is called Ulcerative Colitis. Both Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis are conditions that cause recurring or persistent inflammation in one or more sections of the intestine. The literal definition ofRead MoreEssay on Overview of Crohns Disease1298 Words   |  6 PagesDescription Crohn’s disease is chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines however affects the entire digestive system, from the mouth to the anus otherwise known as the Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) [1]. Individuals affected by the disease are often young adults and adolescents aged 15 – 35 [7]. Crohn’s Disease is one of the two types of Inflammatory Bowel Disorders (IBD), the other being ulcerative colitis [3] and is usually located in the lower part of the small intestines and the upperRead MoreCrohns Disease is Inflammation in the Digestive System Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesCrohn’s disease is a life-long condition effecting victims of any age. It is considered a form of an inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation in the digestive system. The cause of the disease is unknown. The inflammation is due to the immune system attacking the healthy cells throughout the body’s gastrointestinal tract. The exact causes of Crohn’s disease remain unknown, but most believe that factors that contribute to the disease may include genetics, immune system, environment, etc

Should Zoos Keep Endangered Species

According to the Endangered Species Act, the definition of an endangered species is â€Å"any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.† Zoos are widely regarded as guardians of endangered species, so why do animal rights activists claim the zoos are abusive and cruel? Endangered Species and Animal Rights Endangered species are an environmental issue, but not necessarily an animal rights issue. From an environmental perspective, a blue whale is more deserving of protection than a cow because blue whales are endangered and the loss of a single blue whale may impact the survivability of the species. The ecosystem is a network of interdependent species, and when a species becomes extinct, the loss of that species in the ecosystem could threaten other species. But from an animal rights standpoint, a blue whale is no more or less deserving of life and liberty than a cow because both are sentient individuals. Blue whales should be protected because they are sentient beings, and not solely because the species is endangered. Animal Activists Oppose Keeping Endangered Species in Zoos Individual animals have sentience and therefore have rights. However, the whole species has no sentience, so a species has no rights. Keeping endangered animals in zoos infringes on those individuals’ rights to freedom. Infringing the rights of individuals because it benefits the species is wrong because a species is not an entity with its own rights. Additionally, removing breeding individuals from the wild population further endangers the wild population. Endangered plants are kept similarly in captivity, but these programs are not controversial because plants are widely believed not to be sentient. Endangered plants have no desire to roam and frequently thrive in captivity, unlike their animal counterparts. Furthermore, plant seeds can be kept in storage for hundreds of years into the future, for the purpose of â€Å"release† back into the wild if their natural habitat ever recovers. Zoo Breeding Programs Even if a zoo operates a breeding program for an endangered species, those programs do not excuse the infringement on the rights of the individual animals to be free. The individual animals are suffering in captivity for the good of the species—but again a species is an entity that does not suffer or have rights. Zoo breeding programs produce the many baby animals that attract the public, but this leads to surplus animals. Contrary to popular belief, the vast majority of zoo breeding programs do not release individuals back into the wild. Instead, the individuals are destined to live their lives in captivity. Some are even sold to circuses, to canned hunting facilities (fenced in areas), or for​ slaughter. In 2008, an emaciated Asian elephant named Ned was confiscated from circus trainer Lance Ramos and transferred to the Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee. Asian elephants are endangered, and Ned had been born at Busch Gardens, which is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. But neither the endangered status nor the zoos accreditation stopped Busch Gardens from selling Ned to a circus. Zoo Breeding Programs and Loss of Wild Habitat Many species are endangered because of loss of habitat. As human beings continue to multiply, and urban communities continue to expand, we destroy wild habitat. Many environmentalists and animal advocates believe that habitat protection is the best way to protect endangered species. If a zoo operates a breeding program for an endangered species while there are insufficient habitats for that species in the wild, there is no hope that releasing individuals will replenish the wild population. The programs are creating a situation where small breeding colonies will exist in captivity without any benefit to the wild populations, which will continue to dwindle until extinction. Despite the small populations in zoos, the species has been effectively removed from the ecosystem, which defeats the purpose of protecting endangered species from an environmental standpoint. Zoos v. Extinction Extinction is a tragedy. It is a tragedy from an environmental standpoint because other species may suffer and because it may indicate an environmental problem such as loss of wild habitat or climate change. It is also a tragedy from an animal rights standpoint because it means that sentient individuals probably suffered and died untimely deaths. However, from an animal rights standpoint, extinction in the wild is not an excuse to continue keeping individuals in captivity. As explained above, the survival of the species does not justify the loss of freedom for the individuals in captivity. Sources Armstrong, Susan J., and Richard G. Botzler (eds). The Animal Ethics Reader, 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2017.Bostock, Stephen St. C. Zoos and Animal Rights. London: Routledge, 2003.  Norton, Bryan G., Michael Hutchins, Elizabeth F. Stevens, and Terry L. Maple (eds). Ethics on the Ark: Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife Conservation. New York: Smithsonian Institution, 1995.

To Be a Doll Essay - 1328 Words

In the play â€Å"A Dolls House† by Henrik Ibsen, the character of Nora uses the phrase â€Å"the most wondrous thing† to refer to something she has done outside of her husband’s knowledge and what she imagines his reaction will be when he finds out. Throughout the play Nora wants to be and to remain only a doll to her husband and acts with utter childish selfishness when she cannot maintain her romantic illusions by keeping secrets, performing kid like distractions, and running away from her problems. Nora, with the best of intentions, has caught herself and her family in a legal trap caused by her disregard of the law, when she forges her father’s signature on a bond. In her conversation she first discusses with Mrs. Linde â€Å"Yes, a wonderful†¦show more content†¦Ibsen shows that Torvald controls his wife to the point that he specifies what she is to eat. He shows this when Torvald asks Nora â€Å"Hasnt Miss Sweet Tooth been breaking rules in town today?† (I.6). Noras resulting childish rebellion shows later when she secretly eats a macaroon or two she had hidden in her pocket. Torvald also asks Nora about household money and how she seems to spend it all when he says â€Å"You are an odd little soul. Very like your father. You always find some new way of wheedling money out of me, and, as soon as you have got it, it seems to melt in your hands† (I.6). The character Torvald is voicing his personal beliefs when talks about the way she spends money as being more a part of her heredity and beyond her control due to her sex rather than a learned personal habit. Men of that era and to some extent now, believed that women are simply on the level of a child just by being a woman. Thereby women are incapable of adult understanding; much less responsible for their own actions. Nora comes to the realization that her deceit is soon to come back to her. In her desperate situation she comes up with one scheme after another in an attempt to distract her husband, so that he does not find out what she has done. She tries to pick the lock in the letter drop. She begs for Torvald to pay attention to her instead of his business. She even dances poorly so that sheShow MoreRelatedDoll : A Doll1637 Words   |  7 PagesSerena im glad I found you. You wont believe what just happened! Alex frantically said. Alex. So glad you could make it. Serena said meanly crossing her arms. Look Im sorry I missed you. Chaka- Alex motioned back with a thumb. Serena looked like she wasnt having it. She put her hand on her hip with a slightly disapproving look. Then he realized what she was wearing. She looked amazing in the deep red skirt and corset that showed off plenty of her chest. Wow you look incredible- I meanRead MoreDolls and New Heritage Doll3976 Words   |  16 Pages4212 SEPTEMBER 15, 2010 TIMOTHY LUEHRMAN HEIDE ABELLI In mid-September of 2010, Emily Harris, vice president of New Heritage Doll Company’s production division, was weighing project proposals for the company’s upcoming capital budgeting meetings in October. Two proposals stood out based on their potential to strengthen the division’s innovative product lines and drive future growth. However, due to constraints on financial and managerial resources, Harris knew it was possible that theRead MoreA Doll s House : Dolls2775 Words   |  12 Pages A Doll’s House: Dolls in Real Life Introduction Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realize thatRead MoreA Doll s House : Dolls2775 Words   |  12 Pages A Doll’s House: Dolls in Real Life Introduction Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realizeRead MoreThe Youngest Doll1174 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Mason Lewis Dr. Taylor English 110 7, March 2014 The Youngest Doll Throughout the year we have read many stories where reality and fantasy come into question. Once again we have this same problem with â€Å"The Youngest Doll†. What makes us question reality or fantasy in the story is the vivid description the author gives of the dolls that the aunt makes for the girls. With the description of the â€Å"wax mask of the child’s face† or the â€Å"porcelain of the hands and face†, it gives off the allusionRead Morea dolls house1153 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ A Doll’s House South University Ibsen’s a doll house centers around a time where men worked and women were the care givers of the home. In a Doll’s House there were some major points made that eventually led up to that one defining moment. The defining moment for me was when Nora decided that she no longer wants to live the lifestyle of being the â€Å"doll†. It starts with Torvalds reading the letter about her borrowing the money and Nora’s secret is finally exposedRead MoreA Doll HOuse941 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play A Doll House, there are many references pertaining how a woman was expected to behave and how men were expected to behave in the time that this play was written. Nora’s character first appears to be very â€Å"female†. For an example, she doesn’t have a real job, she spends money carelessly, and she say and do things to make her appear very dependent on Torvald. On the other end Torvald her husband, makes the money for the family and he appears to be the nice one in the house. Role playingRead MoreDoll House799 Words   |  4 Pagestransferred from papa’s hands into yours. You arranged everything according to your own taste, and so I got the same tastes as your else I pretended to† (III. 142). Nora is a woman made to be a doll, and she plays the role with lies and misdeeds. Nora again demonstrates the lack of opinion. Nora’s life as a deceptive doll is further showcased by the dangerous decisions she makes. Nora takes out a fraudulent loan against her father’s name because she wants something and cannot have it. Nora realizes theRead MorePlastic Doll655 Words   |  3 PagesPlastic Doll 1. What is the difference between energy and power? What is a unit of power? How does speed relate to power? .energy is the ability of doing work while power is the rate at whch work is done unit of power = Watts = 1J/s power = force * velocity 2. Explain how a sound is actually a form of energy? In what medium do sound waves travel? The longitudinal waves generated by sound will create a wave that transfers at some rate , corresponds to transfer of energy. They travelRead MoreNew Heritage Doll1375 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿New Heritage Doll 1. Compute the Free Cash Flows for the years 2010 to 2020 for both projects See excel File attached. Assumptions: * We assumed the required working capital in table 2 and 3 is the amount required in 2010, for further years we computed the WCR based on the ratio’s of minimum cash balance, number of days sales outstanding, inventory turnover and days payable outstanding (deducting the depreciation as instructed) * We assumed the SGA and fixed production costs were project specific

Advanced Financial Accounting and Reporting

Question: Describe about the role of revenue recognition has been recognizing as a crucial part in performance reporting of the organizations? Answer: Introduction The role of revenue recognition has been recognizing as a crucial part in performance reporting of the organizations. The regulations of IASB shows that the companies should make it mandatory for recognizing the correct revenue transactions so that the financial statements are not overstated. The assignment deals in producing a critical review of the journal on the role of revenue recognition in performance reporting (Olsen and Weirich, 2010). Summary The journal critically attempts to evaluate the importance of inclusion of the different types of revenue and incomes in the financial reports. The major reason for this debate is the internet bubble of 1990 that was a result of the revenue showed in the annual reports of the web-based companies. The journal further discusses about the concepts of revenue recognition and the type of information they provide to the financial statement users (Wagenhofer, 2014). For reviewing the journal, it can be suggested that the main problem, which the author highlights within the journal, is the risks and the types of revenue that should be included to make the financial report as per the standards of the IASB. The journal in its latter part also shows an analysis of the improved revenue recognitions standards of IASB (Coe and Delaney, 2013). The revenue recognition concept affects all industries particularly the telecommunications, real estate, biotech, consumer retailers and service industries. Jackling, Howieson and Natoli, (2012) opined that revenue are the main source of income for this types of industries thus the non disclosure of the revenue will affect the financial statement of these industries (Wagenhofer, 2014). Although the journal do not state the concerned stakeholders who are interested in the financial statements, however Munter (2002) argued that the government, customers, suppliers, creditors and the employees will be interested about the financial reports. Although the revenue recognition policy will affect all companies adopting IFRS accounting standards, however the author for the convenience of discussion uses US GAAP as examples. The major problem that the author highlighted is that except for simple business transactions it is difficult for the accountants to recognize the types of revenues that s hould be included in the financial report (www.ey.com, 2015). The other portion of the article also focuses on the alternative options of revenue recognition, the IFRS norms in relation to revenue recognition, the critical factors that contribute to revenue recognition process and the risks involved in the revenue recognition process. The overall article mainly aims in theoretically evaluating the importance of revenue in the organizations rather than focusing on the practical implications of wrong revenue recognition on the financial performance of the organization (Detzen and Zlch, 2012). Key points and critique A critical review of the article shows that the author stressed initially on providing the various concepts of revenue recognition and its influence. However, the negative aspect of the article lies in the descriptive evaluation that the author provides in the conceptual part of the article. The other aspect of the article is the difference between the asset liability approach and the revenue expense approach. The positive aspect of the article is the identification of the critical events that gives rise to recognition. The article shows that the financial reporters and the IASB regulators are striving to promote a single revenue recognition principle that would be adopted globally by all organizations. However, Nobes (2006) suggested that the use of a single principle for all individual revenue transactions would not make the organizations successful in recognizing the revenues and producing an effective financial report. Moreover, the discussion of conservatism within the journal can also be argued. The article states that organizations should forgo the conservative revenue recognition approach introduced by the Security Exchange Commission (SEC) and should totally adopt the neutral recognition principle introduced by FASB. However, Sy, Tinker and Okcabol (2012) argues that use of conservatism approach helps the organizations to record earnings that are also important financial information for the investors. Mostafa Hasanen and Ali Mohamed Abo Talib (2014) also provides evidence to support the fact that conservatism reduces the managers ability to manipulate the financial data in the annual reports (Wagenhofer, 2014). The article also focuses on describing of the critical events that result in recognition of the revenue. Previously the normal and daily transactions like the sales, fees, royalties, interests were treated as sources of revenues. However, the IASB has formulated the standards for the events that will help the organization and the individual to recognize the revenues that are to be recorded in the financial statement (Nobes, 2012). The new standards consider that for a transaction to be recorded as a revenue transaction the organization should show a valid and acceptable contract between the company and the customer. The general principle stated that when the transfer of goods takes place between two parties then the transaction can be recorded as a recognition of revenue. However the IASB standard added that when the party takes the control of the goods or services only then the transaction may be recorded as a revenue transaction and can be recorded. Bellandi (2012) suggested that t his is a good method because at time the good or the services after the transfer of the ownership may be returned back to the supplier. However, in such cases the supplier has already recorded revenue in the financial accounts, which will tend to increase the profit of the business. However if the new policy is followed then the supplier will recorded the revenue after the confirmation of the ownership control of the buyer on the good or service and there will be no prospects of future return. In a positive attempt, the article tries to explore the importance of revenue in determination of the size of the business and future forecasts. Phillips (2011) opined that in majority cases it is seen that the organization forecasts the future revenue based on the past revenue data available. Hence it is very important for the financial analyst to record the correct revenue transactions so that the financial performance is not shown in an exaggerated manner. However Altamuro et al. (2005) contradicted suggesting that the use of the stringent regulations of revenue recognition as guided by the FASB will make decrease the amount of revenue for an organization thereby leading to low forecast rate and reduction in the size of the organization (Cottrell, 2005). Analysis The article shows the relevant points in the context that revenue recognition is an important aspect in financial performance analysis. Some of the factors mentioned within the article are convincing however, there are issues in some of the other viewpoints. The author however seemed unbiased in presentation of the article inputs and purely focused on the arguments and comments of other academic journals (Shamrock, 2012). The importance of revenue recognition in the performance evaluation of companies successfully establishes the main theme of the article (Wagenhofer, 2014). However, the author cannot successfully relate the importance to the industry scenarios. The article is thus not relevant in providing real and global prospects of the importance of revenue recognition. The article shows the alternative concepts of revenue recognition as well and further provides the difference between the revenue-asset approach and the asset-liability approach. However, Ram and Newberry (2013) c ommented that except for theoretical and conceptual difference there is no practical difference between the two approaches. Since the article is not able to provide significant practical examples in the context of the difference between the two approaches hence it can be relatively, concluded that the adoption of either of the two approaches is feasible. The FASB standard suggests that the revenue expense approach is followed by the organizations adopting FASB norms (Caylor, 2010). On the contrary, the asset liability approach deals with recognition of revenue as soon as the revenue arises. In this case, the contract can be partly completed or totally completed. Conclusion Thus a critical evaluation of the alternative approaches shows that since a single approach that is the revenue asset based approach is followed hence the suggestion about two alternative approaches are irrelevant in this context and the presentation of difference between the two concepts is also irrelevant (Barker and McGeachin, 2012). Reference list Altamuro, J., Beatty, A. L., and Weber, J. (2005). The effects of accelerated revenue recognition on earnings management and earnings informativeness: Evidence from SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101.The Accounting Review,80(2), 373-401. Barker, R. and McGeachin, A. (2012). The Recognition and Measurement of Liabilities in IFRS.SSRN Journal. Bellandi, F. (2012).The handbook to IFRS transition and to IFRS U.S. GAAP dual reporting. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. Caylor, R., 2010. Strategic revenue recognition to achieve earnings benchmarks. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 29 (1), 8295 Coe, M. and Delaney, J. (2013). Trabeck prepares for IFRS: An IFRS case study.Journal of Accounting Education, 31(1), pp.53-67. Cottrell, S. (2005) Critical thinking skills. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Detzen, D. and Zlch, H. (2012). Executive compensation and goodwill recognition under IFRS: Evidence from European mergers.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 21(2), pp.106-126. Jackling, B., Howieson, B. and Natoli, R. (2012). Some Implications of IFRS Adoption for Accounting Education.Australian Accounting Review, 22(4), pp.331-340. Mostafa Hasanen, S. and Ali Mohamed Abo Talib, D. (2014). A proposed model to address convergence determinants, IFRS FASB: measurement disclosure of revenue recognition "the case of Egypt".International Journal of Academic Research, 6(3), pp.269-285. Munter, P. (2002). Revenue recognition and restructuring continue to receive FASB attention.J. Corp. Acct. Fin., 14(1), pp.77-80. Nobes, C. (2012). On the Definitions of Income and Revenue in IFRS.Accounting in Europe, 9(1), pp.85-94. Nobes, C. W. (2006). Revenue recognition and EU endorsement of IFRS.Accounting in Europe,3(1), 81-89. Olsen, L., and Weirich, T. R. (2010). New revenueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ recognition model.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,22(1), 55-61. Phillips, R. (2011). Efficient frontiers in revenue management.Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 11(4), pp.371-385. Ram, R. and Newberry, S. (2013). IFRS FOR SMEs : THE IASB'S DUE PROCESS.Australian Accounting Review, 23(1), pp.3-17. Shamrock, S. (2012).IFRS and US GAAP. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Sy, A., Tinker, T. and Okcabol, F. (2012). IFRS and the FASB: a marriage not made in heaven.AJESD, 1(4), p.329. Wagenhofer, A. (2014) The Role of Revenue Recognition in Performance Reporting, Accounting and Business Research, 44:4, 349-379. www.ey.com, (2015).Applying IFRS in Telecommunications. [online] Available at: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Telecommunications_The_revised_revenue_recognition_proposal/$FILE/Applying%20IFRS%20Revised%20revenue%20recognition%20proposal_telecoms.pdf [Accessed 3 Mar. 2015].